Free Roman numeral calculator to convert any number or date to Roman numerals and vice versa. Perfect for dates, chapters, outlines, and numbering systems.
Convert Numbers to Roman Numerals & Dates Instantly
Roman Numeral Rules:
Roman Numerals: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000 | Subtractive notation: IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900Roman numerals are an ancient number system that uses letters from the Latin alphabet to represent values. Developed around 500 BCE in ancient Rome, this system remained the standard way to write numbers in Europe until the 14th century when Arabic numerals became dominant.
Today, Roman numerals are still widely used for dates on buildings, chapter numbers in books, movie copyright years, clock faces, and formal document numbering. Understanding how to convert between Roman numerals and regular numbers is essential for many applications.
Basic Values:
Higher Values:
Here are common numbers and their Roman numeral equivalents:
1-10:
Decades:
Hundreds:
Converting dates to Roman numerals is common for formal documents, monuments, and ceremonial purposes. Each part of the date (day, month, year) is converted separately.
Dates are typically written in Roman numerals using the format: DD/MM/YYYY or MM/DD/YYYY depending on regional preferences.
Example: December 25, 2024
Example: Convert July 4, 1776 to Roman numerals
Subtractive notation is a crucial rule in Roman numerals that prevents awkward repetition. Instead of writing four of the same letter (like IIII), smaller values are placed before larger values to subtract.
Standard Subtractions:
Why This Matters:
Not all subtractions are valid. Only these specific combinations work:
Important: Only one smaller value can precede a larger value, and only I, X, and C can be used for subtraction (before V/X, X/C, and C/M respectively).
Convert 2024 to Roman numerals
Result: MMXXIV (2024 = M(1000) + M(1000) + X(10) + X(10) + IV(4))
Convert 1492 to Roman numerals
Result: MCDXCII (1492 = M(1000) + CD(400) + XC(90) + II(2))
Convert 1999 to Roman numerals
Result: MCMXCIX (1999 = M(1000) + CM(900) + XC(90) + IX(9))
Convert date 25/12/2024 to Roman numerals
Result: XXV/XII/MMXXIV (25/12/2024)
Convert 88 to Roman numerals
Result: LXXXVIII (88 = L(50) + XXX(30) + VIII(8))
Convert 4 to Roman numerals
Result: IV (4 uses subtractive notation, not IIII)
Enter a number between 1 and 3999 in the calculator. The Roman numeral system uses letters: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), and M (1000). Numbers are formed by combining these letters and using subtractive notation for 4 (IV), 9 (IX), 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD), and 900 (CM).
The standard Roman numeral system can represent numbers up to 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX). Numbers 4,000 and above require special notations like using a bar over numerals or alternative systems.
Convert each part of the date separately: day, month, and year. For example, December 25, 2024 becomes XXV/XII/MMXXIV. Enter the year (1-3999), month (1-12), and day (1-31) in the date converter.
Yes, our calculator supports converting Roman numerals to numbers. Enter the Roman numeral using letters I, V, X, L, C, D, M. The calculator validates the input and converts it to the equivalent Arabic number.
Roman numerals follow these rules: 1) Letters represent values (I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000), 2) Add values when smaller follows larger (XI=11), 3) Subtract when smaller precedes larger (IV=4, IX=9), 4) Letters can repeat up to 3 times (III=3, but IV not IIII), 5) Only I, X, C, M can repeat.
Roman numerals use subtractive notation to avoid repeating the same letter four times. Instead of IIII (four I's), 4 is written as IV (5-1). This rule applies to 4 (IV), 9 (IX), 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD), and 900 (CM).
Convert each digit of the year to Roman numerals. For example, 2024 = MMXXIV (M=1000, M=1000, X=10, X=10, IV=4). Years are typically written in Roman numerals on buildings, monuments, and formal documents.
MCM represents 1900 in Roman numerals. M = 1000, CM = 900 (1000-100), so MCM = 1000 + 900 = 1900. This is commonly seen in dates like MCMXC (1990).
Roman numerals work best for numbers 1-3999. While larger numbers can be represented using special notation (like bars over numerals), our calculator focuses on the standard range most commonly used in dates, chapters, and numbering systems.
Roman numerals are still used for: dates on buildings and monuments, chapter numbers in books, outlines and lists, movie copyright years, clock faces, and formal document numbering. They provide a classic, elegant way to represent numbers.
The terms "roman number" and "roman numeral" are often used interchangeably, but "roman numeral" is the more accurate term. Both refer to the same system using letters (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) to represent numbers. Our calculator supports both search terms.
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Learn how to convert numbers to Roman numerals and dates to Roman numeral format. Master the ancient Roman numeral system with easy rules, examples, and a free calculator tool.